Kallmann syndrome is a developmental disease characterized by gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) deficiency and olfactory bulb hypoplasia
Kallmann syndrome (KS) is a condition that causes hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH) and an impaired sense of smell. HH affects the production of the hormones needed for sexual development. It is present from birth and is due to deficiency of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) Kallmann syndrome (KS) is the combination of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia or hyposmia, two features that are also frequently present in CHARGE syndrome Kallmann syndrome is hypogondotropic hypogonadism with abnormal olfactory function (anosmia or hyposmia) in humans, which is caused by failed migration of GnRH neurons from the nasal placode into the brain. From: Handbook of Neuroendocrinology, 2012. Download as PDF 494 Sungurtekin et al. Kallmann's syndrome and pregnancy The incidence of Kallmann's syndrome in males is approximately 1:10,000, and in females is about 1:50,000. Some congenital abnormalities may be as sociated with this syndrome and include midline Fertility and Sterilit
Kallmann syndrome is a genetic disorder that prevents a person from starting or fully completing puberty. Kallmann syndrome is a form of a group of conditions termed hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. To distinguish it from other forms of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, Kallmann syndrome has the additional symptom of a total lack of sense of smell or a reduced sense of smell. If left untreated, people will have poorly defined secondary sexual characteristics, show signs of hypogonadism, almost invar olfato. En 1944, Franz Kallmann, genetista y psiquiatra alemán, radicado en Estados Uni-dos, describió la enfermedad como síndrome genético2. El síndrome de Kallmann (KS) se caracte-riza por la asociación de hipogonadismo hi-pogonadotrófico idiopático (IHH) o aislado y anosmia (pérdida del sentido del olfato). Est
Kallmann Syndrome. Kallmann syndrome (KS), also called olfacto-genital syndrome, is a genetic condition that causes hypogonadotropic hypogonadism due to decreased secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) by the hypothalamus. Both sexes can be affected, although the incidence is much higher in males. The lack of sex hormones results in. Le syndrome de Kallmann (KS) est une condition hétérogène qui affecte 1 homme sur 5.000, avec un rapport homme/femme de 3/1. Le KS est associé à des mutations des gènes KAL1, FGFR1/FGF8, FGF17, IL17RD, PROK2/PROKR2, NELF, CHD7, HS6ST1, FLRT3, SPRY4 ción (como en el síndrome de Kallmann).26 El síndrome de Kallmann es causado por una insuficien-cia en la señal de los factores de crecimiento del fibroblasto durante la morfogénesis de los bulbos olfatorios. 27 Se han iden-tificado mutaciones en el FGFR aproximadamente en 10 % de los paciente con síndrome de Kallmann. Las mutaciones iden
The patient was diagnosed with Kallmann syndrome at the age of 22 years. Here he describes the consequences of that late diagnosis My early childhood was fairly uneventful medically apart from 70% hearing loss in one ear and no sense of smell. I reached what I now know to be the normal pre-puberty Tanner stages, and up to the age of 12 years nothing seemed to be amiss Sindrom Kallmann. Sindrom Kallmann adalah kelainan genetik di mana tubuh tidak bisa atau sedikit memproduksi gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)Gangguan ini merupakan salah satu jenis hipogonadisme, yaitu produksi hormon untuk perkembangan seksual menjadi sedikit atau berkurang. Hormon pelepas gonadotropin diproduksi oleh bagian otak yang disebut. Kallmann syndrome 3 (or HH3) exhibits an autosomal recessive pattern related to mutations in PROKR2 and PROK2, encoding prokineticin receptor-2 and prokineticin-2. FGF8 may also be involved. Table 2 lists other forms of Kallmann syndrome with the genes responsible and the nomenclature terms from OMIM. Note that some with these gene defects may.
Amenorrea primaria y Síndrome de Kallmann 6 Síndrome de Kallmann El síndrome de Kallmann es una alteración genética que se caracteriza por la presencia de hipogonadismo hipogonadotropo con anosmia, debido a un desarrollo anómalo de las neuronas productoras de GnRH. Se trata por tanto de mujeres que acuden a consult Kallmann syndrome 2 (or HH2) is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern and is due to a mutation in the FGFR1 gene. Kallmann syndrome 3 (or HH3) exhibits an autosomal recessive pattern related to mutations in PROKR2 and PROK2, encoding prokineticin receptor-2 and prokineticin-2. FGF8 may also be involved El síndrome de Kallmann es la forma más frecuente de hipogonadismo hipogonadotropo aislado con pubertad retrasada. Característicamente existe déficit de GnRH asociado a anosmia o hiposmia por agenesia o hipoplasia de los bulbos olfatorios 1 Kallmanns syndrom beskrevs första gången 1944 av den tysk-amerikanske psykiatern och genetikern Franz Kallmann, men redan 1856 hade den spanske läkaren Aureliano Maestre de San Juan beskrivit en patient som hade underutvecklade könsorgan och saknade luktsinne
Kallmann syndrome (KS)—IHH and anosmia—results from impaired GnRH neuron migration and olfactory bulb dysgenesis. Associated anomalies include synkinesia, ataxia, visual abnormalities, hearing loss, dental agenesis, craniofacial defects, and renal agenesis (7). Inheritance may be autosomal dominant Kallmann syndrome is part of a group of conditions known as Isolated GnRH Deficiency (IGD). People with IGD have the same hormone deficiencies as Kallmann syndrome, but only individuals with Kallmann syndrome have a decreased or absent sense of smell. The genetic cause of IGD and Kallmann syndrome has been identified in about half of patients Kallmann Syndrome Diagnosis. The diagnosis of Kallmann syndrome, or idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism with anosmia, is made on the basis of clinical findings that suggest reduced or. Kallmann sendromu, gonadotropik hormonun (GnRH) doğumsal yetersizliği sonucu ortaya çıkan gonadortopinlerin (LH, FSH) yetmezliğine bağlı cinsel olgunlaşma bozukluklarının saptandığı, hipogonadizm olgularının konjenital türü olan hipogonadotropik hipogonadizmler grubunun üyesidir. 25 fenotipi olan konjenital hipogonadotropik hipogonadizmin 1. ve 2. fenotipleri özel.
173 Residncia Peditrica 21(2)173-17. An adolescent with Kallmann syndrome: A case report 1 First-Year Pediatrics Resident at the University Hospital of Porto Alegre (HCPA). 2 MSc. in Pediatrics from the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul - MD at the Adolescent Health Unit of the University Hospital of Porto Alegre (HCPA). 3 Associate Professor of Pediatrics at the School of Medicine of. Kallmann's syndrome is a condition that specifies hypo-gonadotrophic hypogonadism and anosmia. This clinical condition was first reported by Maestre de San Juan, a Spanish anatomist in 1856.2 Later, in 1944 an American geneticist, Kallman, reported a study of hypogonadis
Background: Kallmann syndrome (Kal S) is an isolated form of hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism in combination with a defect in smell sensation. Depending on the genetic form of the disease, a number of non-reproductive, non-olfactory abnormalities may also be existent. In the present report, we describe a male with Kal S associated with hearing loss, and the successful treatment of his sexual and. Download Free PDF. Download Free PDF. Two cases of Kallmann syndrome associated with empty sella. 2008. Miriam Oliveira. Download PDF. Download Full PDF Package. This paper. A short summary of this paper. Two cases of Kallmann syndrome associated with empty sella Kallmann syndrome (KS) is a congenital form of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH) that manifests with hypo- or anosmia. This decrease in gonadal function is due to a failure in the differentiation or migration of neurons that arise embryologically in the olfactory mucosa to take up residence in the hypothalamus serving as gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons Kallmann syndrome (KS), a subtype of congenital hypogonadotropic hypo-gonadism in which patients also have a deficit in their sense of smell due to olfac-tory bulb abnormalities, is a rare condition with an estimated incidence of 1:30,000 in men and 1:125,000 in women [2]. K Kallmann syndrome is occasionally associated with congenital heart diseases (atrial and ventricular septal defects, transposition of the great arteries, Ebstein anomaly, aortic arch anomalies, but also atrioventricular block, bundle branch blocks, and even Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome)
4.3 Living with Kallmann Syndrome - Analysis of Subjective Experience Reports from Women 74 4.4 Comparing Women's and Men's Experiences with Kallmann Syndrome 93 . 5. Zusammenfassende Diskussion der Ergebnisse und Ausblick 122 5.1 Besondere Herausforderungen für KS-Betroffene Menschen bei der Lösung der Entwicklungsaufgaben. Kallmann Syndrome: Past, Present, and Future Soo-Hyun Kim Molecular Cell Sciences Research Centre, St. George's Medical School, University of London, London, United Kingdom The proper development and coordination of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis are essential for normal reproduc-tive competence MedlinePlus Genetics contains information on Kallmann syndrome 4. This website is maintained by the National Library of Medicine. In-Depth Information. GeneReviews provides current, expert-authored, If you have problems viewing PDF files, download the latest version of Adobe Reader. For language access assistance,. MedlinePlus Genetics contains information on Kallmann syndrome 6. This website is maintained by the National Library of Medicine. In-Depth Information. GeneReviews provides current, expert-authored, If you have problems viewing PDF files, download the latest version of Adobe Reader. For language access assistance,. Kallmann syndrome 1 is an inherited disorder characterized by delayed or absent puberty and an impaired sense of smell. Other symptoms may include color blindness, cleft lip or palate, abnormal eye movements, hearing loss, failure of one of the kidneys to develop, mirror image hand movements, abnormalities of tooth development, and infertility.This disorder is a form of hypogonadotropic.
Detailed psychiatric assessment suggested the gender dysphoria to be present from early childhood. The patient screened negative for mutations of genes associated with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and Kallmann syndrome [W. Crowley Laboratory, Harvard Medical School [5, 6]: fibroblast growth factor 8 (FGF8), fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1), Kallmann syndrome 1 sequence, coding for. The understanding of male factors of infertility has grown exponentially in the past ten years. While clear guidelines for obstructive azoospermia have been developed, management of non-obstructive azoospermia has lagged. Specifically, management of Kallmann Syndrome and central non-obstructive azoospermia has been limited by a lack of understanding of the molecular pathogenesis and. Download Free PDF. Download Free PDF. The Kallmann syndrome gene homolog in C. elegans is involved in epidermal morphogenesis and neurite branching. Development, 2002. Kallmann syndrome and the link between olfactory and and branching. Cell 96, 771-784. reproductive development. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 65, 943-948.. Kallmann syndrome is also known as idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism with anosmia. It is a genetic condition that is caused by mutations in certain genes. Known mutations occur in genes.
Kallmann's syndrome is a rare genetic disorder due to abnormal migration of olfactory axons and gonadotropin releasing hormone producing neurons, characterized by hypogonadism and anosmia. The prevalence of Kallmann's syndrome is 1:10,000 to 1:60,000 with a male to female ratio of 5:1. The inheritance of Kallmann's syndrome may be X-linked, autosomal recessive or autosomal dominant with. Kallmann syndrome is a medical condition marked by the delayed onset or absence of puberty, along with an impaired or absent sense of smell, known as hyposmia or anosmia respectively. It is a type.
The finding of anosmia confirmed the diagnosis of Kallmann syndrome. 1 Treatment was started with testosterone enanthate, 200 mg every three weeks. Four months later, the patient moved and was seen at an endocrine clinic for further care. History and results of physical and endocrine evaluations confirmed the diagnosis of Kallmann syndrome PubMed is a searchable database of medical literature and lists journal articles that discuss Kallmann syndrome 2. Click on the link to view a sample search on this topic. Click on the link to view a sample search on this topic Until the present, in the world literature only one patient with Kallmann's syndrome has been reported who became transsexual. This patient was seen almost 50 years ago. In this report, a second case is presented to encourage studies of the sexual and gender identity development in these patients. This patient's rare endocrine disorder and secondary emotional problems have led to negative. Kallmann syndrome is defined as a combination of isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH), hyposmia or anosmia and several optional neurological or anatomical particularities. The genetically caused illness affects mechanisms of neuronal migration, first of all concerning GnRH-producing neurons and those of the olfactory bulb.The first, nowadays rather seldom case, serves as an example of. Kallmann syndrome is characterized by the association of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia. It affects one of every 10 000 and 50 000 women. It is presented a case of a patient who came to the endocrinology service at the General University Hospital Dr. Gustavo Aldereguía Lima
Kallmann syndrome (KS) is a rare inherited disorder (affecting about 1 in 10,000 males), 1 clinically characterized by the association of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and hypo-/anosmia. 2 Both KS clinical hallmarks derive from a disturbed intrauterine migration process involving olfactory axons and gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons from the olfactory placode to the hypothalamus. 3,4 The. Kallmann syndrome (KS) is defined by the combination of isolated hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism (IHH) and anosmia, with renal agenesis occurring in 30% of KS cases with KAL1 gene mutations. Unlike other KS‐related disorders, renal agenesis cannot be directly associated with mutations in the KAL1 gene. We hypothesized that protein interaction networks may suggest a link between genes. Kallmann syndrome is part of a group of conditions known as Isolated GnRH Deficiency (IGD). People with IGD have the same hormone deficiencies as Kallmann syndrome, but only individuals with Kallmann syndrome have a decreased or absent sense of smell. The genetic cause of IGD and Kallmann syndrome has been identified in about half of patients
Le syndrome de Kallmann De Morsier est une maladie du développement embryonnaire qui associe un hypogonadisme central et une anosmie. Alors que des mutations du gène KAL1 codant pour l'anosmine-1, une protéine présente dans certaines matrices extracellulaires pendant l'organogenèse A rare genetic disorder called Kallmann syndrome results from a defect in the neuronal migration of olfactory axons and gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons. MR imaging helps in confirming the diagnosis of Kallmann syndrome with characteristic morphological findings in the brain, in clinically suspicious cases of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism with anosmia/hyposmia Kallmann syndrome may result in certain eye defects, with one of the most common being nystagmus. Individuals with nystagmus display involuntary, repetitive eye movements that may alternate between rapid and slow speeds. The involuntary eye movements can involve vertical, horizontal, or circular eye motion.. Classic Kallmann syndrome (KS) and idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) are rare genetic conditions that encompass the spectrum of isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Most patients have gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) deficiency, as suggested by their response to pulsatile GnRH therapy
PURPOSE To evaluate patients with known hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, some with known anosmia, for defective rhinocephalon development that resulted in olfactory tract abnormalities, an affliction known as Kallmann syndrome. METHODS Six patients who clinically had hypogonadotropic hypogonadism were examined by MR. Thin coronal images of the interior frontal region were used to determine. Kallmann syndrome A form of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism which is also accompanied by a total lack or partial loss in the sense of smell. The condition affects both males and females and causes a failure in puberty and infertility ABSTRACT Kallmann syndrome is named after Franz Joseph Kallmann, a German-born psychiatrist who described in 1944 twelve subjects from three families who presented with a syndrome of missed puberty, anosmia, and color blindness. Yet, several other eponyms for the same syndrome can be found in the literature Kallmann syndrome (KS) is a rare congenital disorder characterized by hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH) and olfactory dysfunction [1, 2].KS primarily arises from the defective development of neural crest cells [] and is frequently associated with additional clinical features, such as hearing impairment and craniofacial anomalies [2, 3].KS is a genetically heterogeneous condition; more than 30. Lista de livros sobre o assunto Syndrome de Kallmann - Dissertations universitaires. Publicações acadêmicas a adicionar à bibliografia com o texto completo em pdf. Fontes selecionadas e temas de pesquisa
Christine Petit, Collège de France, Biologie Department, Faculty Member. Studies Communication Disorders, Experimental Psychology, and Behavioural Neuroscience Elenco di tesi (di laurea o di dottorato) sul tema The EAN Syndrome. Pubblicazioni accademiche ad aggiungere alla bibliografia con il testo completo in pdf. Fonti selezionate e temi di ricerca
Kallmann Syndrome. Kallmann Syndrome (KS) is a congenital disorder in which anosmia or severe hyposmia (deficient sense of smell) is combined with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH) and, less frequently, with synkinesia (mirror movements), mental retardation, cryptorchidism, cleft lip and/or palate, unilateral renal agenesis and others symptoms [1-5] Five cases of Kallmann's syndrome are presented, out-patients with microtestes, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and complete anosmia. The final diagnosis was made only when they were aged between 17. She was started on oestrogen replacement and showed good pubertal progression on follow-up. Anosmia associated with HH is commonly referred to as Kallmann syndrome, but arhinia is characteristically absent. The index case had arhinia with anosmia and HH differentiating it from Kallmann syndrome organic cause (1). Congenital forms of IHH include Kallmann syndrome (KS), which is characterized by gonadotropin defi-ciency witha defective senseofsmell (anosmiaor hyposmia), and IHH without olfactory defects (normosmic IHH) (2).In addition, nonreproductive phenotypes, such as midline facial defects,dentalagenesis,hearingloss,renalagenesis.
Kallmann syndrome belongs to a group of clinical syndromes summarized as con-genital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and is characterized by incomplete pubertal development accompanied with anosmia or hyposmia. In the absence of any hypothalamic-pituitary organic development, the extreme pubertal delay or arrest is caused by a defect. Kallmann syndrome (KS), also known as hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, is a developmental genetic disorder affecting both sexes characterized by absent or incomplete sexual maturation and anosmia. KS can be caused by an isolated defect in gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) release, action, or both. Additional rare features include cleft palate. Kallmann syndrome represents the first human disease caused by a neuronal migration defect for which the gene has been identified and is a good example of how genetics has permitted the integration of clinical observation with developmental biology, contributing to the understanding of disease pathogenesis significant role in diagnosing uncommon Kallmann syndrome and other associated brain abnormalities. Keywords: Kallmann syndrome, MR imaging, Hypogonadism, Olfactory, Case report Background Kallmann syndrome (KS) is a rare genetic disorder with a defect in neuronal migration of olfactory axons and gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons. The es
Kallmann syndrome (KS), a rare genetic disorder, refers to the association between hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia or hyposmia due to abnormal migration of olfactory axons and gonadotropin-releasing hormone producing neurons. The authors report a case of a 26-year-old Filipino male who presented with eunuchoid body proportion, absence of facial and axillary hair and sparse pubic hair. 12) and Kallmann syndrome ( n = 8), for purpose of comparison, as shown in table (2) . There was no significant difference in mean age, serum FSH, serum LH and s erum testosterone between the two groups. Anosmia was limited to patients with Kallman syndrome, 4 (20 %) versus 0 (0.0 %), respectively ( P = 0.014)
Patient(s): The proband and his brother, both with congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia (Kallmann syndrome). Intervention(s): Clinical and biochemical evaluation of Kallmann syndrome. Sequence analysis of the coding exons and exon-intro Key Words: Kallmann syndrome, Hypogonadotrophic hy-pogonadism, Anosmia, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Ol-factory system. Introduction Kallmann syndrome is an inherited disorder characterized by hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism and anosmia or hyposmia.1 Reported incidence is 1 in 10,000 men and 1 in 50,000 women. KS is due to abnormal migration of. in Kallmann syndrome and Waardenburg syndrome. This case substantiates the significance ofSOX10 as a genetic cause of Kallmann syndrome and Waardenburg syndrome, which possibly share a common pathway in the development of neural crest cells. ID: 20-0145 -20-0145 Correspondence should be addressed to S Ishibashi Email ishibash@jichi.ac.j Magnetic resonance is the main image test performed to evaluate the olfactory system and helps to diagnose Kallmann syndrome earlier. The main finding is the absence of olfactory bulb (Fig. 1, panel A/Fig. 2) [4]. Other typical features are bulb hypoplasia, hypoplastic olfactory grooves and absence/hypoplasia of olfactory girdle Kallmann's syndrome: description of a case SUMMARY Kallmann's syndrome is a type of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism which affects males and females and is characterized by eunuchoidal habitus, lack of sexual development, and anosmia, caused by a defective development of the olfactory bulbs. Clef
Syndrome Kallmann' s syndrome combines hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia. The most frequent form of the disease is linked to the X chromosome and has been proposed to be due to a defect in the embryonic migration of GnRH neurons and olfactory axons from the nose to the brain. A candidate gene for the X-linked form of the disease. Kallmann syndrome (KS) is a disorder characterized by hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia. Although KS is genetically heterogeneous, only two causal genes have been identified to date
Kallmann syndrome results from defective hypothalamic gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) synthesis, and is associated with anosmia or hyposmia due to olfactory bulb agenesis or hypoplasia.(1) It is most commonly due to mutations in the KAL gene (Xp22.3). This genetically -heterogeneous syndrome is th 545 - Paranoid Schizophrenia in Kallmann Syndrome: Genetics and Psychopathology - Volume 28 Issue S1. Skip to main content Accessibility help We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites The recently identified gene for X-linked Kallmann syndrome (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia) has a closely related homologue on the Y chromosome. The X and Y copies of this gene are. We report the first case of Waardenburg syndrome type 4C and Kallmann syndrome in the same person. The patient, a Japanese girl, presented with bilateral iris depigmentation, bilateral.
Learning points. Kallmann syndrome and Waardenburg syndrome possibly share a common pathway during neural crest cell development. SOX10, a key transcription factor involved in the development of neural crest cells, is a common causative gene of Kallmann syndrome and Waardenburg syndrome.; Careful evaluation about various phenotypic features may reveal the unknown genetic drivers of Kallmann. Kallmann syndrome [kahl´mahn] a type of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism caused by failure of fetal gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons to migrate to the thalamus, usually associated with anosmia or hyposmia. It is usually passed by autosomal recessive inheritance, and some cases are x-linked. Miller-Keane Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Medicine. It will work out in the end. You gotta believe. Jimmy Scott. Literatur. B. Meyenburg, V. Sigusch: Kallmann's syndrome and transsexualism. In: Archives of sexual behavior. Band 30, Nummer 1, Februar 2001, S. 75-81, doi: 10.1023/a:1026420824200, PMID 11286006. N. Pitteloud: Reversible Kallmann Syndrome, Delayed Puberty, and Isolated Anosmia Occurring in a Single Family with a Mutation in. Described in a 1944 paper by Franz Josef Kallmann, a German-American geneticist. Noun . Kallmann syndrome (uncountable) A genetic condition characterised by a failure to start or complete puberty, and loss or alteration of the sense of smell Le syndrome de Kallmann est une maladie génétique du développement embryonnaire caractérisée par l'association d'un hypogonadisme hypogonadotrophique par déficit en gonadolibérine (GnRH) et d'une anosmie ou hyposmie (avec hypoplasie ou aplasie des bulbes olfactifs). Sa prévalence (probablement sous-estimée) serait d'environ 1/8 000.
Kallmann's syndrome Absence of the sense of smell associated with a deficiency of the hormone from the HYPOTHALAMUS that prompts the PITUITARY GLAND to secrete a sex gland stimulating hormone (gonadotrophic releasing hormone). (Franz Josef Kallman, 1897-1965, German-born American geneticist and psychiatrist) Kallmanns syndrom är en medfödd hormonbrist som leder till utebliven pubertet, avsaknad av luktsinne och risk för benskörhet.Det är en form av hypogonadotropisk hypogonadism, [1] det vill säga att könskörtlarnas hormonproduktion är underaktiv, och att personen också har låga nivåer av frisättningshormonerna luteiniserande hormon och follikelstimulerande hormon
